This study has been made on the chapter on child health and diseases in the second part of the fourth book of Tetrabiblon of Aetius of Amida (first half of the sixth century), one of the late antiquity physicians. There is no translation to the Western languages or to the Turkish language regarding the child health and diseases in the work of Aetius. For this reason, here it is aimed to exhibit Aetius`s approach and treatment methods for child health and diseases and to acquire the relevant department in Turkish medical history. In the addressed section, it is tried to explain the protection of the health of children and the diseases seen in children and the treatment recommendations for these diseases. In the relevant sections, after a healthy gestation period, opinions about whether the baby is worth living, selection of wet nurse, lifestyle of wet nurse, neonatal care, and diseases seen in infants and adolescent period have been discussed; it has been seen that herbal, animal, mineral and natural methods recommended in the healing of diseases as well as occasional amulet and magic applications have been applied. Among the antiquated physicians who are present in the literature on childhood diseases are Hippocrates of Cos, Rufus of Ephesus, Soranus of Ephesus, Galen of Pergamum, Oribasius of Pergamum, Alexander of Tralles and it has been aimed to make a comparison in the next period, even in the narrow frame of Paul of Aegina and physicians of Abu Bakr Al-Rhazes, Avicenna and Esmail Jorjani, who grew up in the Islamic geography in the Middle Ages with respect to child health and diseases.

Keywords: Aetius of Amida, Tetrabiblon, late antiquity, pediatric diseases, history of medicine